Even though they are fierce predators, stargazers have developed defences against larger attackers. They are well-camouflaged ambush predators which usually remain buried in soft sediments. Most species have formidable shoulder spines enveloped in tissue that produce a painful toxin.
Common Stargazer, Kathetostoma laeve
Photographer: Rudie Kuiter. Source: Aquatic Photographics
In southern Australian waters, the Common Stargazer, Kathetostoma laeve, is a frequent inhabitant of shallow bays and quiet coastal waters with sandy or broken shell bottoms. It is usually invisible even to the most experienced diver, with only the mouth and camouflaged eyes positioned at the surface.
Fortunately, the venomous spines are employed for defence only when the fish is seized and pose little problem for waders who might inadvertently step on a buried fish. Because of their predatory nature, however, they are occasionally taken on hook and line and should be handled with great care.
Further Reading
Edmonds, C. 1989. Dangerous Marine Creatures. Reed, Sydney.
Halstead, B. W. 1970. Poisonous and venomous marine animals of the world. Volume 3. US Government Printing Office, Washington DC.
Gomon, M. F., Glover, C. J. M. and Kuiter, R. H. (eds). Fishes of Australia’s South Coast. State Print, Adelaide.