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Early Migration Schemes

15 February, 2009

Patrick Duggan Irish migrant with Family c. 1915
Source: Private collection: April Huxley

Question: What was the Earl Grey Scheme?

Answer: The Great Famine in Ireland in the 1840s was a time of great change for the people of Ireland. The population of Ireland reduced significantly during this time with many people making the voyage to Australia.

Among those making the journey were approximately 4000 Irish female orphans under the Earl Grey Scheme. The immigration scheme was the brain-child of Earl Grey. He was the Secretary of State for the Colonies, and designed the program to meet an Australian demand for domestic servants and marriageable young women. It would also serve to reduce overcrowding in Irish workhouses.

In the late 1840s many ships came to Australia bringing young girls travelling alone. Ships carrying orphan girls included the William Stewart in May 1848 with 51 aboard, followed by the Mahomed Shah in July 1848 with 12 orphan girls. The largest number of orphans arrived on the Pemberton in May 1849 as part of the Earl Grey Scheme. 305 orphans disembarked from this ship after a voyage of 113 days.

The orphans arrived in Sydney, Adelaide, Hobart and Port Phillip and from these ports were spread across eastern Australia. Many suffered at the hands of their employers and husbands with beatings and violence. Others found their experience in Australia to be prosperous. Many married successful gold miners, landowners, farmers and shop keepers and led happy and fulfilling lives in Australia.

The scheme was relatively short-lived and only lasted two years as many ‘anti’ groups saw Australia being flooded with Irish immigrants. These young women were condemned in local newspapers as being unskilled, untrained and useless, and a financial strain on Australia. The Earl Grey scheme, although the brain-child of the Irish Secretary of State for the Colonies, was funded by the Australian people. In May 1850 the scheme was suspended. With the beginning of the gold rush, discussions surrounding assisted immigration passages were dropped as many migrants were now willing to pay for their own journey in the hope of making it big on the gold fields of Australia.

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Comments (75)

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Hi, we are trying to trace descendents of the 25 orphans from Kenmare, co. kerry, ireland that arrived in sydney on the John Knox in 1850. we have the list of names and what to find out what happened to them once they arrived. Our research is available on the facebook page of Kenmare Chronicle.

By my gr. grandmothers death notice Ellen Walsh later Lawrence in 1897 in Echuca , Victoria ,says, she arrived in the colony in 1839, born circa 1825 , at County Cork , Ireland. Are there indexes of passengers about 1839. She married in Melbourne in 1844, she was of Richmond, Vic. when she married to Thomas Lawrence of Echuca, born 15 Dec. 1820, at Newcastle, Limerick, Ireland, his parents John Lawrence & Mary, maiden name not known, or date of arrival.

Hi Avis, I am related to the Lambert family from North Yorkshire/Pateley Bridge areas of the UK and my uncle (Ron) has a cousin, called Avis Merle Smith, living in Victoria, who has done many years research on the family history. I have been trying to make contact. Could you be the cousin Avis who I am looking for?

Hello Stephen - for arrivals prior to 1923, all passenger lists and immigration records are held by the PROV. You might also like to do a Trove search for any mention of her in state newspaper or picture records.

Chasing information on an Anne Jane Knight who supposedly arrived on the Pemberton into Port Phillip in May 1849. She was supposedly from Gloucestershire England and borne in about 1832

I have to record my considerable appreciation to the staff at the Discovery Centre, not only for this site but also their supportive and encouraging responses to queries. These are all interesting to read. I'd also like to acknowledge Trevor McClaughlin for his wonderful book resulting from exhausting research I imagine. We can count ourselves lucky in many respects and thanks to all - you are appreciated!

Hi Kelly,

Please visit the the following South Australian Shipping List for the Inconstant. This lists an ASHMERE / ASHMORE, Rose - orphan (parents were John Ross and Margaret O'Donnell) travelling on the ship which you may find useful. There is also a number of links to various websites associated with Irish Orphan girls that may give you an insight to her past.

Hi, I have been researching a relative also who came to Australia as part of this scheme. I am trying to understand if she was infact an orphan or if she was just a lucky one who managed to get a ticket on the ship?? Her name was Rosetta Ashmore -Shiplist Inconstant - Departed Plymouth 5/2/1849 Are you able to provide me with any further insights? She is listed in the book barefoot and pregnant but stories are inconsistent and i am trying to work out who she really was. Any help would be fantastic. Kelly

Hi Kelly, There's a v.useful article by Mark Staniforth of Flinders Uni on "The Inconstant Girls..." Googling this should bring you to it.

My g g grandmother came out on the Pemberton. Trevor has her listed as Catherine Curley and in our family BDM records she is down as Gurley, Gourley & Gourlay (take your pick). I have a photograph of her. I would love more info if possible. Her subsequent husband, Isaac Fry was supposedly ships carpenter on the Pemberton and jumped ship when it got to Portland (or was it Melb.) then later married her in abt 1853. She had lots of kids. Also chasing another g g grandmother, I think it is Catherine Magee, although have corrupted versions of MacKie, MacKee. Have a marriage cert. where her husband had a different name but lots of info on other docs. Am pretty sure she was a famine victim too. From Longford in Ireland. Any help here?

Hi Ian,

Museum Victoria does not hold any records that could help you. Please refer to the Related Resources and External Links at the top right hand side of this page. If you read through other responses from the Discovery Centre, you will find more resources.

My g.g.g. grandmother Margaret Galvin came out on the Pemberton, I have found the reference to her in 'Barefoot and Pregnant" but wonder is there any info on which workhouses these girls came from, I'd love a bit more info on Margaret!

Hi Kaye

To find more information on workhouses, there are number of resources you can consult. There is some information at the Public Records Office of Northern Ireland, accessed here. These workhouses were a last resort for the destitute, those worst affected by unemployment and the famine. They were overcrowded and unsanitary, with “inmates” separated on the basis of gender and age. This Irish Family Research website also has some essential information. For more general historical research, we also have a great Reference Sheet, here.

Hi Lee-Ann, it sounds like you have already consulted the resources mentioned in the article and comments above and know a bit of information. The museum doesn't hold records here so to discover more you'll need to consult some other resources both in Australia and Ireland. You may want to obtain birth, death & marriage records for her and other members of her family; consult wills & probates and other archival material (such as mining licenses - Inglewood was a gold rush town at the time she was there) at the Public Record Office of Victoria; search online newspapers for mention of them. For research into her and her ancestors' lives in Ireland you might want to get some ideas from the National Museum of Australia's excellent site on Irish family history research.

I am searching for information on Margaret Stewart who arrived in Melbourne on the Diadem in 1850. She was on orphan from Invermore, Antrim, Ireland. Wondering if you have any family details or information for Margaret. She moved to Inglewood Victoria and married William Fabry in 1853

Hi MM, have you looked at Trevor McClaughlin's book Barefoot and pregnant? It discusses Eliza Blackburn/Connelly on p 216. If she was indentured her records would be with SRNSW but looking at the book it doesn't look like she was, as McClaughlin would normally mention it. Nevertheless it might be worth looking. The entry lists ALL her relations in the colony including her father Michael Blackburn, uncles Thomas and Richard and cousin Thomas, living in Sydney. She went to her aunt Ellen who's husband was Inspector Holmes, who also lived in Sydney and possibly she did some sort of household duties for them. Because her uncle was a police inspector, SRNSW may have correspondence relating to the Inspector himself. He seems to be referred to in the newspapers and you can search these for further mentions on the Trove website. Her parents are listed as Michael Blackburn and Ellen Connelly, indicating that she was possibly known by her mother's name and thus suggests that her parents may not have been married.

Hi, I would like to find more details on Elizabeth Blackburn(Connolly - why are 2 names given?) who arrived Sydney on the Lismoyne in 1849. I have her immigration record and the details on the Irish Famine Memorial site. Would her employment details be available at NSW State Records? There is a note that she was going to her Aunt/Uncle Holmes so maybe she was going to work with them? Thanks

This is suck a great website i come on here everyday

Hi there, Susan is listed both in the database of the Irish Famine Memorial (linked at left) and in Trevor McClaughlin's book mentioned above on p.327, with the employer to whom she was indentured listed. Of the two women she was travelling with, one came from the same town, Rosscrea, while the other came from Nenagh, both being in Tipperary. Travelling together doesn't necessarily mean they were related but they might have been. The original passenger list, the microfiche of which can be viewed at the Public Record Office of Victoria, might reveal more, although it's unusual for McClaughlin not to say so in his book this if so. The girls that were on the Earl Grey ships were dubbed orphans but, of course, not all were. The Famine meant that many families lived in great poverty and their parent's simply were not able to feed everyone. Some of these girls therefore went to workhouses and thence to Australia. There is an interesting bit of information on the Pemberton and it's orphans in the history of the Royal Hibernian Military School but plenty more can be found by doing an online search. This link indicates that Susan would have come from the Poor Law Union in Rosscrea. We hope this helps!

I think I may have located my g g grandmother Susan Gilfoyle coming to Australia on the 'Pemberton' in May 1849. She travelled with 2 others, Catherine and Eliza Gilfoyle. As yet these names mean nothing to me. Where can I find out more information about this ship and indeed because she was on it, does it mean that she was an orphan? Also this ship is listed as a 'bounty' ship so where can I find out more about it and where she may of worked as a house servant? Thks for a great site.

I have information that my ggg grandmother arrived in 1851 in Hobart on the Calcutta as an Orphan from the Corofin Workhouse as one of the female orphan immigrants transported to Hobart. Was this ship part of the Earl Grey Scheme. The Calcutta departed in 1850 and arrived in 1850. If so how do I find the passenger records for this ship and why is the Calcutta never listed as one of the ships under the Scheme.

Hi Susan, Been a while since i visited last. Glad to see the site is flourishing and the Centre so helpful. Oops I've just noticed they refer you to vol 2 of Barefoot which includes the Calcutta women. P.403 says more about the Beulah and Calcutta which will be of interest, including a reference to an article by Michael McMahon. best wishes in your search. You've probably seen all this already.

Hello Susan,

I have done a search on the Tasmanian Archives for the ship Calcutta and have come up with these results. I suggest contacting the Tasmanian Archives to find out if they have any further information on your relative. A great source of information about Irish orphans in Australia is this printed resource, available in the Immigration Discovery Centre. It has a great deal of information about individual migrants and the conditions under which they travelled to Australia.

Hi there Ronald. Most of the resources that you need to do your search are mentioned on the page or in the comments above. The John Knox actually came into Sydney not Brisbane. None of the Earl Grey Ships came to Brisbane but some of the girls that landed in Sydney (and possibly Melbourne or Adelaide) later made their way to Brisbane. Mary's name is one the John Knox passenger list at State Records NSW and she would be mentioned in Trevor McClaughlin's book that we've discussed above a number of times. She would have gone through the Hyde Park Barracks in Sydney where the girls who were part of the Earl Grey Scheme that arrived in that city were housed. The Irish Famine Memorial located at Hyde Park Barracks has a great website with a database of the orphans. They are currently adding the John Knox orphans to the database but are not up to K yet! Mary does not appear on the list of orphans on the memorial but only a small number do.

hi, I am searching for my ggg ,mary keating,an irish orphan. arrived ,brisbane 29/4/1850, aboard the john knox,

Hi Cathy,

We have found http://api.records.nsw.gov.au/series/5240 held at the Western Sydney Records Centre (no digital copies) but we are not sure this is what you are looking for. You may have to contact the State Records Authority of NSW directly for further information.

I recently discovered my namesake Catherine Dowden arrived in Sydney on the John Knox in 1850. I've found her listed in Trevor McClaughlin's book. (Thanks SO much for writing this Trevor) My problem is I can't locate the Register & Application for Orphans 'which gives information about the orphans' early days in Australia' (McClaughlin, p140). I'm looking for Register 2, No 697 but can't find this on State Records NSW's website. How can I take this further?

Hi Cathy, p.140 of vol 2 of Barefoot refers you to State Records of NSW(SRNSW) 4/4715-4717 ie vols 1,2, and 3. Vol 2 would be 4/4716. You may need to check with SRNSW in case they've changed the system.

my g.g.grandmother Mary McDonald came out on the Pemberton,1849, to Melbourne, an 18yr old housemaid. How can I find out if she was an orphan? Would it be fair to assume so? She was fro Kilrush co. clare

Hi Sean, thanks for the enquiry. We have sent you an email with some links and information.

Hi Mia,

According to the PROV’s online index Assisted (or Bounty) British Migrations 1839-1871, three John McDermotts arrived on the ship John Knox on the 30 July 1851. You can view the original microfiche of these records at the State Library or Public Records Office in North Melbourne; the Book numbers are 5A and page numbers 147, 132 and 335.

I am trying to find the papers on Bounty immigrants, I believe gggrandfather John Thomas McDermott was one, arriving on the John Knox at Geelong in 1851, but I cannot be sure, needing all information before I can make a possitive assumpton. I seem to be having no luck in finding this information on the net. Help please.

HI Sharne, Did you ever find the informatiion that you were looking for, I am seeking the same info.my g.grandmother came out on the same ship and I cannot locate herfrom the time she landed in April 1850 till 1852. Did you find records of were they went and if you did could you please let me know. thankyou Her namewas Mary Walsh,came from cork, could not read or write and she was a true orphan, her parents Maurice and Joannah both deceased.

Hi Noeleen, if your ancestor is listed on the Hyde Park Barracks Memorial then she definitely went there. As we stated in our answer to Sharne, all the records for the Irish Famine Orphans are held by State Records NSW & you should contact them for further information (the link is in this answer). They also have records of indentures - ie where the orphans at HPB were contracted to work for a certain period, often one to two years and, although many went through Sydney, they ended up much further afield. You therefore may find her whereabouts between 1850 and 1852 in these types of records.

Oh dear, sorry Trevor! We've fixed this up now. Thanks for letting us know.

Hi Discovery centre, Just to let you know the "Trevor McLaughlin" you keep referring to, spells his name with an extra 'c' ie Trevor McClaughlin, cheers, trevor

Hi Dawn, what an interesting story! There was indeed a Catherine Brackin on the Inconstant according to Trevor McClaughlin's Barefoot and Pregnant? Volume 2, p399. Richards & Herraman in their article "Irish Women in colonial South Australia" in Irish women in colonial Australia, equate this Catherine Brackin with the Catherine (Nellie) Bracken whose husband William was killed by Martin Malachi (pp100-101). Mark Staniforth seems to have a different idea of the fate of the Catherine Bracken on the Inconstant. I'm not sure that we can shed any further light, so you may wish to contact him through Flinders University as he may be able to help you out further with the differences in the stories. You might also be interested in a story on the Adelaide Gaol website, which discusses the case of Malachi.

Onn our tree we have a Catherine Bracken who we believe was on the Inconstant. She married a William Robinson, who was murdered, perhaps by Malachi Martin, who Catherine married soon after the murder. Malachi was hung in Adelaide 1862. Catherine later married a George Ingham. My question is: in an article by Mark Staniforth "The Inconstant Girls" there is an article on a Catherine Bracken who married a William Robinson - on the same date - but they remained married with Catherine dying aged 52, and william aged 81. Is this info incorrect, or do I have the wrong Catherine & William?? Regards Dawn

Hi Dawn (and Carol) I too am a decendent of William and Nellie (Catherine). I've not seen the article you are referring too (but will now look into it!) but maybe it is somehow referencing/confusing William and Nellie's son William (who married Ellen Morphett in 1883, deceased 1933).

Hi Dawn. I too am a descendent of Catherine and William. I have just begun researching my father's family tree and found details of the Salt Creek murder story. (Horrible!) Anyway, I'd love to connect if you are interested.

Hi Gary, Not sure what you are referring to. I don't think anyone is denying the Mahomet Shah ,Wm Stewart and eg the Subraon (to NSw) did come. They did carry some Irish orphans but they were from Foundling Hospitals in Dublin and Cork not from recently built workhouses across Ireland. The Earl Grey scheme only brought orphans from workhouses

For Trevor Mcclaughin 13 May 2009. Those ships did come. Look on this site for a big list of migrant ships from 1839-1851 and more. http://members.iinet.net.au/~perthdps/shipping/mig-vic.htm

Hi Vivienne, unfortunately PROV changed their website since we wrote that answer, so the link broke. The new link can be found here. We looked at the passenger list for the Mahomed Shah but no Ellen Regan is listed. There is someone with that name on the Thames in 1853 however.

I am looking for info on my GG grandmother, Ellen Regan, who I believe was a passenger on the Mahomed Shah arriving Port Philip Bay 1848. When I click on the link that the Discover Centre gave for Rose Palmer (Register of Assisted British Immigrants) I can find no info on ships at all, even after typing in the ship's name.

Ihave a copy of Trevor's book . Great reaource for all descendants of Irish Famine Immigrants! I am wondering if someone can tell me why my gg grandmother, Elizabeth Wray reached Port Phillip Bay on 25 February , 1850 on the Derwent and then according to the immigration records on Ancestry dot com dot au, sailed for Geelong on the same ship arriving there on 4 March 1850. According to her entry in Trevors's book she was sent to work for a Mary Richardson , widow in Collins Street, Melbourn so why would she go to Geelong? By October 1853 she was back in Melbourne working as a servant in Elizabeth Street before she married my gg grandfather. Just a quick belated thank you to Earl Grey for organising scheme!!

Hi Sharne, there's a little bit on Ellen in Trevor McClaughlin's book Barefoot & Pregnant on p258, with the information that she arrived on the John Knox, which arrived in Sydney from Plymouth on 29 April 1850. You should access a copy of the original passenger list to see what further information it contains about her. You can order this through State Records NSW or your nearest local or state library may have them on microfiche. McClaughlin also reveals that there is a little more information about her in the Register & Application for Orphans 'which gives information about the orphans' early days in Australia' (McClaughlin, p140). Register 2, No 1347 mentions her and her employer (?). This register is also available through State Records NSW. Ordering these documents may give further details about and leads to her early life in Australia. Good luck!

My ancestor Ellen Dooley [ g g grandmother ] came out on The John Knox's in 1850 as one of the Irish Orphan's, and she married a James Harrison,but nothing is known of her whereabouts from 1850-1855[the year she married]. Do you know where I can find the info from if any.Good to see story's on the other Orphan's.

How interesting to see that the Mahomed Shah brought some orphans. My 3x great grandparents arrived as emigrants on that 1848 voyage; their son married the daughter of one of the Irish orphan girls from the Eliza Caroline (1850)

Hi there, just seen this comment. Do you know where your ancestor on the Eliza Caroline was from? If you do I'd love to hear from you. I'm rearching women from this ship.

Hi Graeme! It is off The Strand in Williamstown, within the Burgoyne Reserve. There are a few green spaces and reserves along there, but an internet map search will help you find the location.

Hi Could someone tell me where the Famine Rock on Williamstown Beach is please ?

Hi Norma, we will pass on your details to John and ask if he'd like to get in contact. We've just had another look and Jane is definitely on the Diadem list on the Irish Famine Memorial website. If you go to the Victorian list of ships and search the name 'McCabe' she will be the first result. These lists are based on research done by Trevor McClaughlin and published in his book Barefoot & Pregnant? Irish Famine Orphans in Australia.

Hi Rose, Mary Ann is on the passenger list of this ship, which is held by the Public Record Office of Victoria. To see the full passenger list go to the Register of Assisted British Immigrants 1839 - 1871, type in the ship's name, then select the month and the year from the appropriate drop downs.

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Is it possible to contact John McKay who wrote about Jane McCabe who came here via the Earl Gray Scheme and married George Knight(s). From a well-known book on the subject, I believe she came from the Workhouse, Ennikillen, Co Fermanagh. I could not find her on the Diadem via the site linked with the museum but she is listed in the Assisted British Immigration 1839-1871, arriving January 1850 on the Diadem, age 18.

Great site with revealing info. Now found evidence of Mary Acheson and friend Mary Burns who sailed on Diadem 1850. M. Acheson married John Smith in Portland (1851), with M. Burns & Charles Smith as witnesses. However John's arrival to Victoria is unknown. Can you assist?.

Hi Frederick, glad to hear you found the Mary's! John should either be listed on the Public Record Office of Victoria Assisted Passenger list if he had his fare paid or, if he paid his own way, he will be on the Unassisted Passenger lists that are held by State Records NSW. You may need to contact SRNSW for further advice if you have no luck.

I am trying to locate the passenger list of Mahomed Shah arrived Pt Phillip, Vic., Australia 5th July 1848. I am interested in Mary Ann Jones, age - 14 years, & described as childs maid.

Good site. My wife has a gt gt gt grandmother Mary Carden who came out on the Lady Kennaway. Unfortunely all we knows is she married a Robert Heaton ex convict in Melbourne on the 13th December 1851.

Hi John, please see our answer to Jeannette on 5 January about resources for ship images. If you haven't already, you might be curious to see an index of the Diadem passenger list on the website of the Irish Famine Memorial in Sydney.

Jane McCabe was an 18 y.o. orphan who came out on the DIADEM and within 3 months was married to a man twice her age. She died in Jan 1885 in Geelong after 6 children (which suggests she was really 15 years old on arrival). Any idea where I might find an image of the DIADEM?

Hello Wayne - For more information on the Irish orphans, you could look at this printed resource, available in the Immigration Discovery Centre. For more information about your great-grandmother's arrival and life in Adelaide, I would suggest that you start with the State Records of South Australia.

My Ggrandmother Mary Rooney came to Adelaide on the INCONSTANT in 1849 and married Michael Reardon in 1852. She was an Irish orphan and that is all I know at this stage. Does anyone have anymore information? Regards, Wayne

Hi Jeannette, unfortunately we weren't able to locate any images of the Earl Grey either online or in any of our references in the Discovery Centre. But you could do a more comprehensive search both online and in libraries, using the excellent list of shipping image resources provided by the State Library of Queensland and/or Coraweb.

My relatives came out to Australia in 1851 part of the Earl Grey Scheme. The ship was called the Earl Grey. I can not find a picture of the ship and I have searched. I have seen the ships list but no pictures of the ship. They landed in Sydney - can you help

My GGGGrandmother, Jane Hutchinson, was part of the Earl Grey Scheme and came to Port Phillip aboard the "Derwent". She married Thomas Buckler and they went on to have twelve children - from all accounts they were happy.

My GGG Grandmother Jane Stafford Irish orphan girl has a history. I found it tonight by chance. Thank you to everyone who shares this information.

My G G Grandmother Bridget McCarthy aged 17 from County Cork was one of the orphans on the 'Pemberton' which sailed from Plymouth in Jan.1849, and arrived in Melbourne in Nay 1849 under the Earl Grey Scheme. Thanks for thr link to the Immigration Discovery Centre.

Hi Síle – The Irish Famine Memorial website contains some very helpful information about the Earl Grey Scheme and includes passenger lists of the various ships that came out to Australia as part of the scheme. Official passenger lists for the Eliza Caroline can be obtained through State Records New South Wales. Another great source of information about Irish orphans in Australia is this printed resource, available in the Immigration Discovery Centre. It has a great deal of information about individual migrants and the conditions under which they travelled to Australia.

I am trying to find descendants of some girls from Dunmanway, Co. Cork who left Ireland in late 1849 and arrived in Australia on the Eliza Caroline ship. If you have any information on descendants it would be fantastic.

A great source of information about Irish orphans in Australia is this printed resource, available in the Immigration Discovery Centre. It has a great deal of information about individual migrants and the conditions under which they travelled to Australia.

I also had an ancestor who arrived on the Diadem and I have been trying to find out if she boarded the ship in England or New York as that is where she was born and she was the only girl onboard from the USA.

I have an ancestor who I believe was part of this scheme - an young woman on the Diadem. Do you have any information on a Mutual Cooperation Scheme mentioned as part of the entries re the Minerva 1850.

Please refer to http://www.irishfaminememorial.org/history/earl-grey-scheme/ for more information about the Earl Grey scheme.

Trevor - part of the material used to research this article came from Michael Cannon's book entitled Perilous Journeys to the New Land. Please refer to chapter 14 of this book for more information about the two ships you mention.

Interesting site. But where does your information about the william Stewart and the Mahomed Shah come from? The Earl Grey scheme did not get under way that early? I can give you the British PArliamentary paper reference if you wish.

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